China’s rapid growth in vehicle exports is creating pressure on the global fleet of Pure Car and Truck Carriers (PCTCs). That has prompted manufacturers and logistics providers to explore alternative methods of transporting both conventional vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs). Dedicated vehicle carriers remain the preferred solution for automotive logistics. However, the shortage of available PCTC capacity has encouraged the use of containers, flat racks and multipurpose vessels.
These approaches provide additional export capacity but raise questions around cargo protection, port operations and maritime safety. China has become the world’s largest vehicle exporter, with strong growth in battery-electric vehicle sales accelerating demand for maritime transport capacity. However, the expansion of vehicle exports has outpaced the availability of specialist car-carrier tonnage, creating competition for space and increasing the importance of securing reliable logistics chains.
Export growth drives new logistics strategies
Dedicated PCTCs are designed specifically for vehicle movements, with multiple decks, adjustable loading areas, specialised ramps and vehicle securing systems. As a result, they remain the safest and most efficient method of transporting finished vehicles over long distances.
Chinese manufacturers including BYD, SAIC Motor and Chery Automobile have responded by seeking greater control over their maritime logistics operations. BYD has invested directly in dedicated vehicle carriers, including BYD Explorer No.1 and BYD Shenzhen, while SAIC has expanded the role of its subsidiary, Anji Logistics.
SAIC builds integrated export capability
SAIC Motor Corporation Limited, now commonly known as SAIC, is not a new brand. Originated as the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation in 1955, it is now one of China’s largest vehicle manufacturers, producing brands including Roewe, Maxus and IM Motors. SAIC’s international presence was strengthened through its acquisition of the MG Rover assets in 2007, including the Longbridge production facilities in Birmingham and ownership of the MG brand. The company has since developed MG into a significant global export marque.
Through Anji Logistics, SAIC has developed one of the world’s largest automotive logistics operations. The company has invested in dedicated vehicle-carrier capacity while also expanding alternative transport solutions, including containerised vehicle movements, flat-rack containers and cooperation agreements with specialist shipping operators. This strategy reflects a wider industry trend. Chinese manufacturers are working to reduce dependence on third-party shipping availability and secure greater control over international supply chains.
Safety challenges
Using vessels not specifically designed for vehicle carriage introduces additional operational challenges. PCTCs are engineered around automotive cargo. They have enclosed vehicle decks, dedicated ventilation, specialised securing arrangements and established loading procedures. Significantly, in the light of some high-profile vessel blazes, fire suppression is a high priority. For EVs, the safety considerations are greater because lithium-ion battery fires can be difficult to extinguish. They may involve thermal runaway, where a damaged cell generates sufficient heat to trigger further failures.
Multipurpose vessels and container-based solutions require different handling approaches. Vehicles must be securely restrained to prevent movement during heavy weather, while ports need suitable equipment and trained personnel to manage loading and discharge safely. New vehicles are high-value assets containing sensitive electronics, advanced safety systems and complex finishes. Incorrect securing, unsuitable handling equipment or exposure to marine conditions could increase the risk of damage before vehicles reach customers.
Regulations evolving
There is currently no dedicated International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation covering the carriage of EVs as cargo. Instead, electric vehicles are transported under existing frameworks including the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code and SOLAS – the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.
Under the IMDG Code, complete vehicles with installed batteries are generally treated differently from shipments of lithium-ion batteries themselves. Special Provision 961 allows certain vehicles to be carried without the full range of dangerous goods requirements, provided specified conditions are met. However, recent vehicle-carrier fires, including the loss of Felicity Ace in 2022 and the Fremantle Highway fire in 2023, have increased industry focus on EV safety. The IMO is now developing additional measures covering fire detection, suppression systems and operational procedures for vessels carrying new-energy vehicles.