{"id":410019,"date":"2026-04-21T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/"},"modified":"2026-04-21T14:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T04:00:00","slug":"a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/?p=410019","title":{"rendered":"A School of Mud Volcano Islands in Azerbaijan"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center 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href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=720&#038;h=480&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=720&#038;h=480&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Satellite view of a tadpole-shaped brown land area encircled by blue-green water.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=720&#038;h=480&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 720w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=300&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=400&#038;h=267&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcanozm_oli_20250830.jpg?w=600&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Long spits of muddy sediment are visible behind islands created by mud volcanoes in an image captured on August 30, 2025, by the <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/landsat\/oli\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OLI<\/a> (Operational Land Imager) on <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/landsat-8\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Landsat 8<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA Earth Observatory\/Lauren Dauphin<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Today\u2019s story is the answer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/april-2026-satellite-puzzler\/\" rel=\"noopener\">April 2026 puzzler<\/a>. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>With its abundance of naturally occurring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/earth-and-planetary-sciences\/gas-seep\" rel=\"noopener\">gas seeps<\/a> and fires, Azerbaijan has long been called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/places\/fire-mountain-yanar-dag\" rel=\"noopener\">the land of fire<\/a>.\u201d Yet burning mountains are just one of the geologic wonders found in the small Eurasian country on the Caspian Sea.<\/p>\n<p>Azerbaijan is also home to at least 220 mud volcanoes, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/azerbaijan.az\/en\/related-information\/14\" rel=\"noopener\">data<\/a> from the Azerbaijani government, though some researchers put the total number <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12371-024-00931-3\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to 350<\/a>. That is thought to be one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2026\/egusphere-2025-6289\/\" rel=\"noopener\">highest concentrations<\/a> of mud volcanoes on Earth.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/mud-volcano\" rel=\"noopener\">Mud volcanoes<\/a>\u2014as well as gas seeps\u2014are found within <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/earth-and-planetary-sciences\/sedimentary-basin\" rel=\"noopener\">sedimentary basins<\/a> where geologic conditions have allowed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/hydrocarbon\" rel=\"noopener\">hydrocarbons<\/a> to accumulate. Such basins typically have fluids and gases, such as oil and methane, trapped beneath sedimentary rocks and under high pressure. Instead of erupting molten lava, mud volcanoes typically eject cold slurries of mud, water, methane, and other gases. Oil and gas form from the remains of marine organisms, such as phytoplankton and algae, which settle on the ocean floor and are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/earth109\/node\/875\" rel=\"noopener\">later transformed<\/a> by pressure and heat.<\/p>\n<p>Many of Azerbaijan\u2019s mud volcanoes are clustered near the cities of <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/baku-azerbaijan-1611\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Baku<\/a> and Qobustan on the Absheron Peninsula, an area where structural folds and faults in the landscape have created cracks that allow methane-rich mud to move up toward the surface. On land, mud volcanoes typically form conical structures anywhere from 20 to 400 meters (70 to 1,300 feet) tall and 100 to 4,500\u00a0meters in diameter.<\/p>\n<p>There are also at least 140 underwater mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Sea along Azerbaijan\u2019s coast, including eight islands in the Baku archipelago. The satellite image above shows one of them, the tadpole-shaped X\u0259r\u0259 Zir\u0259 Adas\u0131 (also known in Russian as Ostrov Bulla), which had violent eruptions in 1961 and 1995 and still has two \u201cweakly active\u201d mud volcano vents, said Adelaide University geologist Mark Tingay. The neighboring island to the northwest, Duvann\u0131 (Ostrov Duvannyy), is visible in the wide view below. It erupted in 2006 and still has active vents on its northern side.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe islands\u2019 \u2018tails\u2019 are most likely caused by currents eroding their weak mud deposits,\u201d Tingay said. \u201cThey look like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/spit-coastal-feature\" rel=\"noopener\">spits<\/a> of eroded and redeposited sediment that formed on the lee of the island, where current and wave action have the least effect.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=1700&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1700\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=1700&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Satellite view of a tadpole-shaped brown land area encircled by blue-green water.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=1700&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1440w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=254&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 254w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=768&#038;h=907&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=867&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 867w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=1301&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1301w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=339&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 339w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=508&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 508w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=762&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 762w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830.jpg?w=1016&#038;h=1199&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1016w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Four tadpole-shaped mud volcano islands are visible along the Caspian Sea in this image captured on August 30, 2025, by the <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/landsat\/oli\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OLI<\/a> (Operational Land Imager) on <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/landsat-8\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Landsat 8<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA Earth Observatory\/Lauren Dauphin<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are two more tadpole-shaped islands to the south, with sediment \u201ctails\u201d also oriented to the southwest. One of these\u2014S\u0259ngi Mu\u011fan Adas\u0131 (Ostrov Svinoy)\u2014is known for producing particularly violent eruptions, most recently in 2002 and 2008, Tingay said. One of its most notorious events occurred in 1932 when, without warning, it released a 150-meter-tall fireball in an eruption that caused 13 injuries and almost destroyed the island\u2019s lighthouse, he added.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Though mud volcanoes are interesting to geologists and often indicators of underground fossil fuels, they can be unpredictable and pose risks. \u201cThey have the potential for \u2018paroxysmal eruptions\u2019\u2014short but extremely violent eruptions,\u201d Tingay said. \u201cThey sometimes fuel huge fireballs and have created whole new islands in the space of a few minutes.\u201d<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<p><em>NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat data from the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Geological Survey<\/a>. Story by Adam Voiland.<\/em><\/p>\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-file-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module align wp-block-nasa-blocks-file-list\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row width-full margin-bottom-4\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<h2 role=\"textbox\" class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDownloads\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-list-row hds-file-list-row\">\n<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail\">\n<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail-inner hds-file-list-thumbnail-inner hds-cover-wrapper\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2573\" height=\"3037\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=2573&#038;h=3037&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Islands appear as small brown patches against the blue waters of the Caspian Sea. The brown coastline of Azerbaijan covers the left side of the image.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" data-video-loop=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=2573&#038;h=3037&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2573w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=254&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 254w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=768&#038;h=906&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=868&#038;h=1025&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 868w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=1301&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1301w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=1735&#038;h=2048&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1735w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=339&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 339w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=508&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 508w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=762&#038;h=899&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 762w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=1017&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1017w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg?w=1694&#038;h=1999&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1694w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2573px) 100vw, 2573px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-list-details\">\n<div class=\"hds-list-name hds-file-list-name\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-22\">August 30, 2025<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-list-meta\">\n<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date\">\n<p class=\"p-sm\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype\">\n<p class=\"p-sm\">JPEG (3.18 MB)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/content\/dam\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/a-school-of-mud-volcano-islands-in-azerbaijan\/azmudvolcano_oli_20250830_lrg.jpg\"  download rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"16\" cy=\"16.0001\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1C67E3\"\/><path d=\"M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References &#038; Resources<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Azerbaijan <a href=\"https:\/\/azerbaijan.az\/en\/related-information\/14\" rel=\"noopener\">Mud Volcanoes<\/a>. Accessed April 8, 2026.<\/li>\n<li>BBC (2023, July 13) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/travel\/article\/20230712-azerbaijan-the-caucasus-land-of-fire\" rel=\"noopener\">Azerbaijan: The Caucasus\u2019 \u2018Land of Fire.\u2019<\/a> Accessed April 8, 2026.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>CNN (2022, December 2) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/travel\/article\/yanar-dag-azerbaijan-land-of-fire\" rel=\"noopener\">Eternal flame: How Azerbaijan became the \u2018Land of Fire.\u2019<\/a> Accessed April 8, 2026. Accessed April 8, 2026.<\/li>\n<li>NASA Earth Observatory (2024, January 10) <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/satellites-spot-a-ghost-island-153799\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellites Spot a \u201cGhost\u201d Island<\/a>. Accessed April 8, 2026.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Penn State (2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/earth109\/node\/875\" rel=\"noopener\">Oil and Natural Gas Formation<\/a>. Accessed April 8, 2026.<\/li>\n<li>Yusifov, M. &#038; Rabinowitz, P. (2004) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0264817204001163\" rel=\"noopener\">Classification of mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Basin, offshore Azerbaijan<\/a>. <em>Marine and Petroleum Geology<\/em>, 21(8).<\/li>\n<li>Yusubov, N., <em>et al.<\/em> (2025) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gj.70158\" rel=\"noopener\">A Giant Mud Volcano System Within the On- and Offshore Eastern Azerbaijan, South Caspian Basin<\/a>. <em>Geological Journal<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-content-lists-inner hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-content-lists\">\n<div id=\"content-list-3dc44a1d-5a27-4dcd-b061-dec4e07df154\" class=\"hds-content-lists margin-y-3 padding-x-0 bg-spacesuit-white width-full maxw-full\" 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class=\"grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">You may also be interested in:<\/h2>\n<p class=\"margin-top-0 margin-bottom-2 maxh-tablet\">Stay up-to-date with the latest content from NASA as we explore the universe and discover more about our home planet.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block padding-0 margin-0 flex-justify-center\">\n<div class=\" grid-col-12\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\" style=\"display: block\">\n<div id=\"filter-tags\" class=\"grid-col-12 filter-tags-container\"><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"smd-orbit-loader\" role=\"status\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<div class=\"orbit-plane\"><span class=\"orbit-dot\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"post-list-container\" class=\"hds-content-items hds-content-items-grid margin-top-2\" aria-live=\"polite\" data-rest-url=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/smd\/v1\/content-list\">\n<div class=\"hds-content-item content-list-item-post\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/islands-of-fire-and-ice-veiled-in-cloud\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-thumbnail\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  content-list-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300px\" height=\"300px\" data-no-id=\"true\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2025\/islands-of-fire-and-ice-veiled-in-cloud\/candlemasisland_oli2_20221118_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;w=300 300w\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2025\/islands-of-fire-and-ice-veiled-in-cloud\/candlemasisland_oli2_20221118_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;%23038;w=300\" ><\/figure>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-inner\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/islands-of-fire-and-ice-veiled-in-cloud\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-heading\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-a11y-heading-22\">Islands of Fire and Ice Veiled in Cloud<\/div>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-readtime label margin-bottom-1\">\n                    3 min read                <\/div>\n<p class=\"margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">Puffs of low-level clouds mingle with the volcanic terrain of Candlemas and Vindication islands in the remote South Atlantic.<\/p>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item content-list-item-post\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/a-hot-and-fiery-decade-for-kilauea\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-thumbnail\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  content-list-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300px\" height=\"300px\" data-no-id=\"true\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2025\/a-hot-and-fiery-decade-for-k\u012blauea\/hawaiikilauea_oli2_20220210_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;w=300 300w\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2025\/a-hot-and-fiery-decade-for-k%C4%ABlauea\/hawaiikilauea_oli2_20220210_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;%23038;w=300\" ><\/figure>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-inner\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/a-hot-and-fiery-decade-for-kilauea\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-heading\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-a11y-heading-22\">A Hot and Fiery Decade for K\u012blauea<\/div>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-readtime label margin-bottom-1\">\n                    6 min read                <\/div>\n<p class=\"margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">The volcano in Hawaii is one of the most active in the world, and NASA tech makes it easier for\u2026<\/p>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item content-list-item-post\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/home-reef-adds-on\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-thumbnail\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  content-list-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300px\" height=\"300px\" data-no-id=\"true\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/home-reef-adds-on\/homereef_oli2_20260128_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;w=300 300w\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/esd\/eo\/images\/iotd\/2026\/home-reef-adds-on\/homereef_oli2_20260128_th.jpg?fit=clip&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint&#038;%23038;w=300\" ><\/figure>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-inner\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-observatory\/home-reef-adds-on\/\" class=\"hds-content-item-heading\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-a11y-heading-22\">Home Reef Adds On<\/div>\n<p>            <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-content-item-readtime label margin-bottom-1\">\n                    3 min read                <\/div>\n<p class=\"margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">The Tongan volcano expanded its mid-Pacific real estate during its latest eruptive phase.<\/p>\n<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"pagination-container\" class=\"pagination\">\n<nav class=\"hds-pagination hds-pagination--content-lists\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Pagination Navigation\" data-mid-size=\"2\" data-end-size=\"1\" data-max-pages=\"4\" >\n<span aria-current=\"page\" class=\"page-numbers current\" aria-label=\"Current Page, Page 1\" aria-current=\"true\" data-page-number=\"1\"><br 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https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=100&#038;h=100&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 100w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=200&#038;h=200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 200w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=400&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=600&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=900&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/NHQ202212160009\/NHQ202212160009~large.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/data\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Earth Science Data<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Open access to NASA\u2019s archive of Earth science data<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png 3600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=300,150 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=768,384 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=1024,512 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=1536,768 1536w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=2048,1024 2048w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=400,200 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=600,300 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=900,450 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=1200,600 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/biosphere-sea-2008-lrg.png?resize=2000,1000 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The tadpole-shaped islands along the Absheron Peninsula were born by explosive mud volcano eruptions and reshaped by erosion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16994,17944,16750],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-410019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-observatory","category-landsat-8-ldcm-landsat-data-continuity-mission","category-volcanoes"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410019","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=410019"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410019\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":410020,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410019\/revisions\/410020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=410019"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=410019"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=410019"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}