{"id":242434,"date":"2025-06-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/webb\/nasas-webb-digs-into-structural-origins-of-disk-galaxies\/"},"modified":"2025-06-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T14:00:00","slug":"nasas-webb-digs-into-structural-origins-of-disk-galaxies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/?p=242434","title":{"rendered":"NASA\u2019s Webb Digs into Structural Origins of Disk Galaxies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-light hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex 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class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2\">5 Min Read<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNASA\u2019s Webb Digs into Structural Origins of Disk Galaxies\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1340\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=1340&#038;h=520&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"Eight edge-on disk galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, split in two rows. Each disk galaxy is centered within a square frame and lies against the black background of space. They appear as thin lines with a slight bulge in their centers. A few of the galaxies are horizontal or vertical, but many are angled diagonally.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=1340&#038;h=520&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1340w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=300&#038;h=116&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=768&#038;h=298&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=1024&#038;h=397&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=400&#038;h=155&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=600&#038;h=233&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=900&#038;h=349&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX1TQRCDE8F92WV13SF4NE7-1K.jpg?w=1200&#038;h=466&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1340px) 100vw, 1340px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-y-3 padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0\"><figcaption class=\"hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30\">\n<div><figcaption>Astronomers pulled from NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope\u2019s data to analyze a sample of 111 edge-on galaxies. The team\u2019s analysis suggests that thick disk formation occurs first, and thin disk formation follows. Full image and caption below.<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Credits: <\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA, ESA, CSA, T. Tsukui (Australian National University).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Present-day disk galaxies often contain a thick, star-filled outer disk and an embedded thin disk of stars. For instance, our own <a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/glossary.html#h3-CK-f0f9aefc-bb11-4e88-94e4-7ab248a5398b\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Milky Way galaxy\u2019s<\/a> thick disk is approximately 3,000 light-years in height, and its thin disk is roughly 1,000 light-years thick.<\/p>\n<p>How and why does this dual disk structure form? By analyzing archival data from multiple observational programs by NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope, a team of astronomers is closer to answers, as well as understanding the origins of disk galaxies in general.<\/p>\n<p>The team carefully identified, visually verified, and analyzed a statistical sample of 111 edge-on disk galaxies at various periods \u2014 up to 11 billion years ago (or approximately 2.8 billion years after the big bang). This is the first time scientists have investigated thick- and thin-disk structures spanning such vast distances, bridging the gap between observers probing the early universe and galactic archaeologists seeking to understand our own galaxy\u2019s history.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis unique measurement of the thickness of the disks at <a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/glossary.html#h3-CK-a138baf3-5963-4640-a405-aa3552a5152e\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">high redshift<\/a>, or at times in the early universe, is a benchmark for theoretical study that was only possible with Webb,\u201d said Takafumi Tsukui, lead author of the paper and a researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra. \u201cUsually, the older, thick disk stars are faint, and the young, thin disk stars outshine the entire galaxy. But with Webb\u2019s resolution and <a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/glossary.html#h3-CK-dd5000d6-0567-4fab-8eca-6da6b8413ef5\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">unique ability<\/a> to see through dust and highlight faint old stars, we can identify the two-disk structure of galaxies and measure their thickness separately.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image: A Sample of Galaxy Disks (NIRCam)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=1700&#038;h=1850&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1700\" height=\"1850\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=1700&#038;h=1850&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Two mosaics of edge-on disk galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. Each mosaic has eight images, split in two rows. The mosaic at the top is titled \u201cthin and thick disk galaxies.\u201d The mosaic at the bottom is titled \u201cthick disk only galaxies.\u201d Each disk galaxy is centered within a square frame and lies against the black background of space. They appear as thin lines with a slight bulge in their centers. A few of the galaxies are horizontal or vertical, but many are angled diagonally. The thin and thick disk galaxies are overall whiter and brighter compared to the thick disk only galaxies, which are fainter and brown-orange. Text in the bottom right of each box lists the galaxy\u2019s redshift. From left to right, the first row of the top mosaic reads z =0.12; z = 0.25; z = 0.45; and z = 0.72. The second row reads z = 0.21; z = 0.38; z =0.65; and z = 0.73. The top row of the bottom mosaic reads z = 0.73, z = 0.94; z = 1.25; and z = 2.63. The bottom row reads z = 0.91; z = 1.03; z = 2.13; and z = 3.01.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=1700&#038;h=1850&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1700w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=276&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 276w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=768&#038;h=836&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=941&#038;h=1024&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 941w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=1411&#038;h=1536&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1411w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=368&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 368w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=551&#038;h=600&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 551w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=827&#038;h=900&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 827w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JXX24QPMNH7S3GXGBAAGX9K8-2K.jpg?w=1103&#038;h=1200&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1103w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1700px) 100vw, 1700px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Astronomers pulled from NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope\u2019s data to analyze a sample of 111 edge-on galaxies. The team\u2019s analysis suggests that thick disk formation occurs first, and thin disk formation follows. When this process occurs depends on the galaxy\u2019s mass.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, CSA, T. Tsukui (Australian National University).<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Through Thick and Thin<\/h2>\n<p>By analyzing these 111 targets over cosmological time, the team was able to study single-disk galaxies and double-disk galaxies. Their results indicate that galaxies form a thick disk first, followed by a thin disk. The timing of when this takes place is dependent on the galaxy\u2019s mass: high-mass, single-disk galaxies transitioned to two-disk structures around 8 billion years ago. In contrast, low-mass, single-disk galaxies formed their embedded thin disks later on, about 4 billion years ago.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is the first time it has been possible to resolve thin stellar disks at higher redshift. What\u2019s really novel is uncovering when thin stellar disks start to emerge,\u201d said Emily Wisnioski, a co-author of the paper at the Australian National University in Canberra. \u201cTo see thin stellar disks already in place 8 billion years ago, or even earlier, was surprising.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Turbulent Time for Galaxies<\/h2>\n<p>To explain this transition from a single, thick disk to a thick and thin disk, and the difference in timing for high- and low-mass galaxies, the team looked beyond their initial edge-on galaxy sample and examined data showing gas in motion from the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and ground-based surveys.<\/p>\n<p>By taking into consideration the motion of the galaxies\u2019 gas disks, the team finds their results align with the \u201cturbulent gas disk\u201d scenario, one of three major hypotheses that has been proposed to explain the process of thick- and thin-disk formation. In this scenario, a turbulent gas disk in the early universe sparks intense star formation, forming a thick stellar disk. As stars form, they stabilize the gas disk, which becomes less turbulent and, as a result, thinner.<\/p>\n<p>Since massive galaxies can more efficiently convert gas into stars, they settle sooner than their low-mass counterparts, resulting in the earlier formation of thin disks. The team notes that thick- and thin-disk formation are not siloed events: The thick disk continues to grow as the galaxy develops, though it\u2019s slower than the thin disk\u2019s rate of growth.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How This Applies to Home<\/h2>\n<p>Webb\u2019s sensitivity is enabling astronomers to observe smaller and fainter galaxies, analogous to our own, at early times and with unprecedented clarity for the first time. In this study, the team noted that the transition period from thick disk to a thick and thin disk roughly coincides with the formation of the Milky Way galaxy\u2019s thin disk. With Webb, astronomers will be able to further investigate Milky Way-like progenitors \u2014 galaxies that would have preceded the Milky Way \u2014 which could help explain our galaxy\u2019s formation history.<\/p>\n<p>In the future, the team intends to incorporate other data points into their edge-on galaxy sample.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile this study structurally distinguishes thin and thick disks, there is still much more we would like to explore,\u201d said Tsukui. \u201cWe want to add the type of information people usually get for nearby galaxies, like stellar motion, age, and metallicity. By doing so, we can bridge the insights from galaxies near and far, and refine our understanding of disk formation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These results were published in the <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/mnras\/staf604\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The James Webb Space Telescope is the world\u2019s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).<\/p>\n<p>To learn more about Webb, visit:<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/webb\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/webb<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-downloads\">Downloads<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Click any image to open a larger version.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/contents\/news-releases\/2025\/news-2025-121#section-id-2\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">View\/Download all image products at all resolutions<\/a><\/strong> for this article from the Space Telescope Science Institute.<\/p>\n<p><strong>View\/Download the research results<\/strong>\u00a0from the <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/mnras\/staf604\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-media-contacts\">Media Contacts<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Laura\u00a0Betz<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:laura.e.betz@nasa.gov\">laura.e.betz@nasa.gov<\/a><br \/>NASA\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a>, Greenbelt, Md.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abigail Major<\/strong> \u2013 <a href=\"mailto:amajor@stsci.edu\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">amajor@stsci.edu<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stsci.edu\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Space Telescope Science Institute<\/a>, Baltimore, Md.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hannah Braun<\/strong> \u2013 <a href=\"mailto:hbraun@stsci.edu\">hbraun@stsci.edu<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stsci.edu\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Space Telescope Science Institute<\/a>, Baltimore, Md.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-related-information\">Related Information<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Article:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/galaxies\/types\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Types of Galaxies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Video:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/viewspace.org\/video_library\/videos\/155-322870736?tags=59#step-galaxy-structure-video-segments\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Celestial Tour: Different types of galaxies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Article:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/goddard\/nasas-webb-depicts-staggering-structure-in-19-nearby-spiral-galaxies\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about Webb\u2019s views of nearby spiral galaxies<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Visualization Video:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/31025\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Galaxy Traverse<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/latestnews\/\" rel=\"noopener\">More Webb News<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/multimedia\/images\/\" rel=\"noopener\">More Webb Images<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/science-overview\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Webb Science Themes<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Webb Mission Page<\/a><\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-related-for-kids\">Related For Kids<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/james-webb-space-telescope\/en\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>What is the Webb Telescope?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>SpacePlace for Kids<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-en-espanol\">En Espa\u00f1ol<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ciencia.nasa.gov\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ciencia de la NASA<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/es\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>NASA en espa\u00f1ol\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/sp\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Space Place\u00a0para ni\u00f1os<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Related Topics<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/james-webb-space-telescope\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>James Webb Space Telescope<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Webb is the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. It studies every phase in the\u2026<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"890\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp 3600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=300,174 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=768,445 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1024,593 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1536,890 1536w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2048,1186 2048w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=400,232 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=600,348 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=900,521 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1200,695 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2000,1158 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/galaxies\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Galaxies<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"938\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1200\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=300,235 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=768,600 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=1024,800 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=400,313 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=600,469 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?resize=900,704 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/focus-areas\/what-are-galaxies\/stories\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Galaxies Stories<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1423\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?w=1280\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp 1280w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=270,300 270w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=768,854 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=921,1024 921w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=360,400 360w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=540,600 540w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=810,900 810w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-abells0740-opo0708a-jpg.webp?resize=1079,1200 1079w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Universe<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1514\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg 3941w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=300,296 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=768,757 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1024,1009 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1536,1514 1536w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=2048,2019 2048w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=400,394 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=600,591 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=900,887 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1200,1183 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=2000,1972 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full alignfull wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n<li class=\"social-icon 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href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fwebb%2Fnasas-webb-digs-into-structural-origins-of-disk-galaxies%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook.\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fwebb%2Fnasas-webb-digs-into-structural-origins-of-disk-galaxies%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn.\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5c0 1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Jun 26, 2025<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Marty McCoy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Contact<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-3\">\n<div>Laura Betz<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"mailto:laura.e.betz@nasa.gov\">laura.e.betz@nasa.gov<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"article-tags\">\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/galaxies\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Galaxies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Science &#038; Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/galaxies\/spiral-galaxies\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Spiral Galaxies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Universe<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Present-day disk galaxies often contain a thick, star-filled outer disk and an embedded thin disk of stars. For instance, our own Milky Way galaxy\u2019s thick disk is approximately 3,000 light-years in height, and its thin disk is roughly 1,000 light-years thick. How and why does this dual disk structure form? By analyzing archival data from [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15612,15757,15614,15637,15597,15758,15638],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-242434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astrophysics","category-galaxies","category-goddard-space-flight-center","category-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst","category-science-research","category-spiral-galaxies","category-the-universe"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=242434"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":242435,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242434\/revisions\/242435"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=242434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=242434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=242434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}