{"id":184712,"date":"2025-03-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-10T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/missions\/webb\/nasas-webb-peers-deeper-into-mysterious-flame-nebula\/"},"modified":"2025-03-11T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T14:00:00","slug":"nasas-webb-peers-deeper-into-mysterious-flame-nebula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/?p=184712","title":{"rendered":"NASA\u2019s Webb Peers Deeper into Mysterious Flame Nebula"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\">\n<div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\">\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-light hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center 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Fun\/Learning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header\">\n<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0\">\n<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-3 z-400\">\n<div class=\"z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400\">\n<div class=\"margin-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2\">6 Min Read<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNASA\u2019s Webb Peers Deeper into Mysterious Flame Nebula\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6106\" height=\"4344\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=6106&#038;h=4344&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"A collage of three near-infrared images showing a dusty nebula. The left two-thirds of the collage is taken up by a Hubble image of the nebula. The remaining third is taken up by two Webb images, one atop the other. The Hubble image has a pillar of dense brown dust running through the nebula at a diagonal from 5 o\u2019clock to 11 o\u2019clock. Wispy plumes appear to fly off from the pillar toward the sides amid blue clouds of the same material, which are whiter near the pillar. There are many white stars spread throughout. Two separate, white squares, tilted about 30 degrees, outline two areas in the pillar. The upper square has the letter \u201cA\u201d to the top right, while the lower square is marked by the letter \u201cB\u201d. These labels correspond to the two, magnified images of the nebula at right, with the top image also labeled \u201cA\u201d and the bottom image labeled \u201cB\u201d. Both images contain a mixture of reds, blues and browns, and show red, blue, and white stars.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 85% 23%; object-position: 85% 23%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=6106&#038;h=4344&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 6106w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=300&#038;h=213&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=768&#038;h=546&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1024&#038;h=729&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1536&#038;h=1093&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=2048&#038;h=1457&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=400&#038;h=285&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=600&#038;h=427&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=900&#038;h=640&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1200&#038;h=854&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=2000&#038;h=1423&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6106px) 100vw, 6106px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"padding-y-3 padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0\"><figcaption class=\"hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30\">\n<div><figcaption>This collage of images from the Flame Nebula shows a near-infrared light view from NASA\u2019s Hubble Space Telescope on the left, while the two insets at the right show the near-infrared view taken by NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope.<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Credits: <\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Meyer (University of Michigan), A. Pagan (STScI)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Flame Nebula, located about 1,400 light-years away from Earth, is a hotbed of star formation less than 1 million years old. Within the Flame Nebula, there are objects so small that their cores will never be able to fuse hydrogen like full-fledged stars\u2014brown dwarfs.<\/p>\n<p>Brown dwarfs, often called \u201cfailed stars,\u201d over time become very dim and much cooler than stars. These factors make observing brown dwarfs with most telescopes difficult, if not impossible, even at cosmically short distances from the Sun. When they are very young, however, they are still relatively warmer and brighter and therefore easier to observe despite the obscuring, dense dust and gas that comprises the Flame Nebula in this case.<\/p>\n<p>NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope can pierce this dense, dusty region and see the faint infrared glow from young brown dwarfs. A team of astronomers used this capability to explore the lowest mass limit of brown dwarfs within the Flame Nebula. The result, they found, were free-floating objects roughly two to three times the mass of Jupiter, although they were sensitive down to 0.5 times the mass of Jupiter.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe goal of this project was to explore the fundamental low-mass limit of the star and brown dwarf formation process. With Webb, we\u2019re able to probe the faintest and lowest mass objects,\u201d said lead study author Matthew De Furio of the University of Texas at Austin.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image A: Flame Nebula: Hubble and Webb Observations<\/h2>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=6106&#038;h=4344&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6106\" height=\"4344\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=6106&#038;h=4344&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A collage of three near-infrared images showing a dusty nebula. The left two-thirds of the collage is taken up by a Hubble image of the nebula. The remaining third is taken up by two Webb images, one atop the other. The Hubble image has a pillar of dense brown dust running through the nebula at a diagonal from 5 o\u2019clock to 11 o\u2019clock. Wispy plumes appear to fly off from the pillar toward the sides amid blue clouds of the same material, which are whiter near the pillar. There are many white stars spread throughout. Two separate, white squares, tilted about 30 degrees, outline two areas in the pillar. The upper square has the letter \u201cA\u201d to the top right, while the lower square is marked by the letter \u201cB\u201d. These labels correspond to the two, magnified images of the nebula at right, with the top image also labeled \u201cA\u201d and the bottom image labeled \u201cB\u201d. Both images contain a mixture of reds, blues and browns, and show red, blue, and white stars.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=6106&#038;h=4344&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 6106w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=300&#038;h=213&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=768&#038;h=546&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1024&#038;h=729&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1536&#038;h=1093&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=2048&#038;h=1457&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=400&#038;h=285&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=600&#038;h=427&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=900&#038;h=640&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=1200&#038;h=854&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRS4JK3S68MRM5WPMEJNBC7-4K.png?w=2000&#038;h=1423&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 6106px) 100vw, 6106px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">This collage of images from the Flame Nebula shows a near-infrared light view from NASA\u2019s Hubble Space Telescope on the left, while the two insets at the right show the near-infrared view taken by NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope. Much of the dark, dense gas and dust, as well as the surrounding white clouds within the Hubble image, have been cleared in the Webb images, giving us a view into a more translucent cloud pierced by the infrared-producing objects within that are young stars and brown dwarfs. Astronomers used Webb to take a census of the lowest-mass objects within this star-forming region.<br \/>The Hubble image on the left represents light at wavelengths of 1.05 microns (filter F105W) as blue, 1.3 microns (F130N) as green, and 1.39 microns (F129M) as red. The two Webb images on the right represent light at wavelengths of 1.15 microns and 1.4 microns (filters F115W and F140M) as blue, 1.82 microns (F182M) as green, 3.6 microns (F360M) as orange, and 4.3 microns (F430M) as red.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Meyer (University of Michigan), A. Pagan (STScI)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Smaller Fragments<\/h2>\n<p>The low-mass limit the team sought is set by a process called fragmentation. In this process large <a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/glossary.html#h3-CK-a5014586-8852-4db0-9b61-e3cc289eaf44\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">molecular clouds<\/a>, from which both stars and brown dwarfs are born, break apart into smaller and smaller units, or fragments.<\/p>\n<p>Fragmentation is highly dependent on several factors with the balance between temperature, thermal pressure, and gravity being among the most important. More specifically, as fragments contract under the force of gravity, their cores heat up. If a core is massive enough, it will begin to fuse hydrogen. The outward pressure created by that fusion counteracts gravity, stopping collapse and stabilizing the object (then known as a star). However, fragments whose cores are not compact and hot enough to burn hydrogen continue to contract as long as they radiate away their internal heat.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe cooling of these clouds is important because if you have enough internal energy, it will fight that gravity,\u201d says Michael Meyer of the University of Michigan. \u201cIf the clouds cool efficiently, they collapse and break apart.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Fragmentation stops when a fragment becomes opaque enough to reabsorb its own radiation, thereby stopping the cooling and preventing further collapse. Theories placed the lower limit of these fragments anywhere between one and ten Jupiter masses. This study significantly shrinks that range as Webb\u2019s census counted up fragments of different masses within the nebula.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAs found in many previous studies, as you go to lower masses, you actually get more objects up to about ten times the mass of Jupiter. In our study with the James Webb Space Telescope, we are sensitive down to 0.5 times the mass of Jupiter, and we are finding significantly fewer and fewer things as you go below ten times the mass of Jupiter,\u201d De Furio explained. \u201cWe find fewer five-Jupiter-mass objects than ten-Jupiter-mass objects, and we find way fewer three-Jupiter-mass objects than five-Jupiter-mass objects. We don\u2019t really find any objects below two or three Jupiter masses, and we expect to see them if they are there, so we are hypothesizing that this could be the limit itself.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Meyer added, \u201cWebb, for the first time, has been able to probe up to and beyond that limit. If that limit is real, there really shouldn\u2019t be any one-Jupiter-mass objects free-floating out in our Milky Way galaxy, unless they were formed as planets and then ejected out of a planetary system.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image B: Low Mass Objects within the Flame Nebula in Infrared Light<\/h2>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=5423&#038;h=4090&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5423\" height=\"4090\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=5423&#038;h=4090&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A collage of four images showing a dusty nebula. Two-thirds of the collage is taken up by a single image of the nebula, while the remaining third shows three insets stacked on top of each other. In the largest image at left, there is an orange and yellow fang-like cloud of matter that cuts the image in two. The left side of the fang shows more clouds of a dark brown shade, while the right shows filaments of light brown. There are a number of bright blue and red points of light spread throughout, three of which are circled in white and labeled with a number from one to three. Circle 1 is located at about 12 o\u2019clock in the middle of the fang-like cloud, while Circle 2 is at about 5 o\u2019clock and Circle 3 is located at about 7 o\u2019clock, toward the bottom left of the image. Each circle magnifies an individual object, which is shown in each of the three squares to the right of the collage, labeled 1 to 3 from top to bottom. Each image contains a single, fuzzy point of light in the middle.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=5423&#038;h=4090&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 5423w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=300&#038;h=226&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=768&#038;h=579&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=1024&#038;h=772&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=1536&#038;h=1158&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=2048&#038;h=1545&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=400&#038;h=302&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=600&#038;h=453&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=900&#038;h=679&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=1200&#038;h=905&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRTS62F4JE8JNCBTTQDMDER-5K.png?w=2000&#038;h=1508&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5423px) 100vw, 5423px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">This near-infrared image of a portion of the Flame Nebula from NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope highlights three low-mass objects, seen in the insets to the right. These objects, which are much colder than protostars, require the sensitivity of Webb\u2019s instruments to detect them. These objects were studied as part of an effort to explore the lowest mass limit of brown dwarfs within the Flame Nebula.<br \/>The Webb images represent light at wavelengths of 1.15 microns and 1.4 microns (filters F115W and F140M) as blue, 1.82 microns (F182M) as green, 3.6 microns (F360M) as orange, and 4.3 microns (F430M) as red.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, M. Meyer (University of Michigan)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Building on Hubble\u2019s Legacy<\/h2>\n<p>Brown dwarfs, given the difficulty of finding them, have a wealth of information to provide, particularly in star formation and planetary research given their similarities to both stars and planets. NASA\u2019s Hubble Space Telescope has been on the hunt for these brown dwarfs for decades.<\/p>\n<p>Even though Hubble can\u2019t observe the brown dwarfs in the Flame Nebula to as low a mass as Webb can, it was crucial in identifying candidates for further study. This study is an example of how Webb took the baton\u2014decades of Hubble data from the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex\u2014and enabled in-depth research.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s really difficult to do this work, looking at brown dwarfs down to even ten Jupiter masses, from the ground, especially in regions like this. And having existing Hubble data over the last 30 years or so allowed us to know that this is a really useful star-forming region to target. We needed to have Webb to be able to study this particular science topic,\u201d said De Furio.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a quantum leap in our capabilities between understanding what was going on from Hubble. Webb is really opening an entirely new realm of possibilities, understanding these objects,\u201d explained astronomer Massimo Robberto of the Space Telescope Science Institute.<\/p>\n<p>This team is continuing to study the Flame Nebula, using Webb\u2019s spectroscopic tools to further characterize the different objects within its dusty cocoon.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s a big overlap between the things that could be planets and the things that are very, very low mass brown dwarfs,\u201d Meyer stated. \u201cAnd that\u2019s our job in the next five years: to figure out which is which and why.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These results are accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image C (Animated): Flame Nebula (Hubble and Webb Comparison)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\">\n<div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\">\n<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\">\n<figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/content\/dam\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRVKV25WPWCM89RKDW85QGX-2K.gif?w=2030&#038;h=2030&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2030\" height=\"2030\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/content\/dam\/science\/missions\/webb\/science\/2025\/webb-STScI-01JKRVKV25WPWCM89RKDW85QGX-2K.gif?w=2030&#038;h=2030&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"This video alternates between a Hubble Space Telescope and a James Webb Space Telescope observation of the Flame Nebula, a nearby star-forming nebula less than 1 million years old. In this comparison, three low-mass objects are highlighted. In Hubble\u2019s observation, the low-mass objects are hidden by the region\u2019s dense dust and gas. However, the objects are brought out in the Webb observation due to Webb's sensitivity to faint infrared light.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\">\n<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">This animated image alternates between a Hubble Space Telescope and a James Webb Space Telescope observation of the Flame Nebula, a nearby star-forming nebula less than 1 million years old. In this comparison, three low-mass objects are highlighted. In Hubble\u2019s observation, the low-mass objects are hidden by the region\u2019s dense dust and gas. However, the objects are brought out in the Webb observation due to Webb\u2019s sensitivity to faint infrared light.<\/div>\n<div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA, ESA, CSA, Alyssa Pagan (STScI)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>The James Webb Space Telescope is the world\u2019s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-downloads\">Downloads<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Click any image to open a larger version.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/contents\/news-releases\/2025\/news-2025-105#section-id-2\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">View\/Download all image products at all resolutions<\/a><\/strong> for this article from the Space Telescope Science Institute.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-media-contacts\">Media Contacts<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Laura\u00a0Betz<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:laura.e.betz@nasa.gov\">laura.e.betz@nasa.gov<\/a><br \/>NASA\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a>, Greenbelt, Md.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Matthew Brown<\/strong> \u2013 <a href=\"mailto:mabrown@stsci.edu\">mabrown@stsci.edu<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stsci.edu\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Space Telescope Science Institute<\/a>, Baltimore, Md.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Christine Pulliam<\/strong> \u2013 <a href=\"mailto:cpulliam@stsci.edu\">cpulliam@stsci.edu<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stsci.edu\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Space Telescope Science Institute<\/a>, Baltimore, Md.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-related-information\">Related Information<\/h2>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/latestnews\/\" rel=\"noopener\">More Webb News<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/multimedia\/images\/\" rel=\"noopener\">More Webb Images<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/science-overview\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Webb Science Themes<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Webb Mission Page<\/a><\/strong> <\/p>\n<p><strong>Learn more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/stars\/brown-dwarfs\/\" rel=\"noopener\">brown dwarf discoveries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-related-for-kids\">Related For Kids<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/james-webb-space-telescope\/en\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>What is the Webb Telescope?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>SpacePlace for Kids<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-en-espanol\">En Espa\u00f1ol<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ciencia.nasa.gov\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ciencia de la NASA<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/es\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>NASA en espa\u00f1ol\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/sp\/\"  rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Space Place\u00a0para ni\u00f1os<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\n<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Related Topics<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/james-webb-space-telescope\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>James Webb Space Telescope<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Webb is the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. It studies every phase in the\u2026<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"890\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp 3600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=300,174 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=768,445 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1024,593 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1536,890 1536w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2048,1186 2048w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=400,232 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=600,348 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=900,521 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=1200,695 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/main-image-star-forming-region-carina-nircam-final-5mb-1-jpeg.webp?resize=2000,1158 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Universe<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1514\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg 3941w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=300,296 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=768,757 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1024,1009 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1536,1514 1536w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=2048,2019 2048w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=400,394 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=600,591 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=900,887 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=1200,1183 1200w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ngc5068-1-flat-final.jpg?resize=2000,1972 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/stories\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Universe Stories<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=1600&#038;h=500&#038;%23038;fit=clip&#038;%23038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=1600&#038;h=500&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=300&#038;h=94&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=768&#038;h=240&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=1024&#038;h=320&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=1536&#038;h=480&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=400&#038;h=125&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=600&#038;h=188&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=900&#038;h=281&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/assets.science.nasa.gov\/dynamicimage\/assets\/science\/astro\/universe\/2023\/09\/diagram_still_hi_res_122019.webp?w=1200&#038;h=375&#038;fit=crop&#038;crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/focus-areas\/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve\/stories\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Stars Stories<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1141\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?w=1280\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp 1280w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=300,267 300w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=768,685 768w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=1024,913 1024w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=400,357 400w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=600,535 600w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=900,802 900w, https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/hubble-ngc3603-opo1022a-jpg.webp?resize=1200,1070 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div 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1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Mar 10, 2025<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Marty McCoy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n<div class=\"subheading\">Contact<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-8\">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-3\">\n<div>Laura Betz<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"mailto:laura.e.betz@nasa.gov\">laura.e.betz@nasa.gov<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \">\n<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"article-tags\">\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/webb\" rel=\"noopener\">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/astrophysics\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Astrophysics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/stars\/brown-dwarfs\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown Dwarfs<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Space Flight Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Science &#038; Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/category\/universe\/nebulae\/star-forming-nebulae\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Star-forming Nebulae<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Universe<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Flame Nebula, located about 1,400 light-years away from Earth, is a hotbed of star formation less than 1 million years old. Within the Flame Nebula, there are objects so small that their cores will never be able to fuse hydrogen like full-fledged stars\u2014brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs, often called \u201cfailed stars,\u201d over time become very [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15612,15635,15614,15637,15597,15772,15638],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-184712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astrophysics","category-brown-dwarfs","category-goddard-space-flight-center","category-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst","category-science-research","category-star-forming-nebulae","category-the-universe"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=184712"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185066,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184712\/revisions\/185066"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=184712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=184712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=184712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}