{"id":17824,"date":"2024-03-06T16:13:57","date_gmt":"2024-03-06T06:13:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/?p=17824"},"modified":"2024-03-21T20:58:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T10:58:17","slug":"why-melbournes-southern-cross-station-may-have-some-of-the-least-clean-air-in-the-city","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vibewire.com.au\/?p=17824","title":{"rendered":"Why Melbourne&#8217;s Southern Cross Station may have some of the &#8216;least clean&#8217; air in the city"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For years, environmental scientist Keith Loveridge has wondered if the air at one of Melbourne&#8217;s busiest train stations has been putting his health at risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;I got out of the train one day and I almost choked \u2014 I thought &#8216;oh my God&#8217;,&#8221; he recalled of one trip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He&#8217;s talking about Southern Cross Station, which sees tens of thousands of commuters pass through its gates each day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/8432df587f2eb43462a58b6a5ecc9a5d?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A man wearing a face mask is looking at a Southern Cross Station train platform\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Commuter and environmental scientist Keith Loveridge first inquired about the air quality at Southern Cross in 2007.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Located at the edge of Melbourne&#8217;s CBD, the station is the city&#8217;s hub for regional trains, coach services, and the airport shuttle bus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concerns over the impact of diesel fumes from those vehicles set Mr Loveridge on a quest for answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/ffe8511dac4e83d082cc768f683d03d4?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=2440&amp;cropW=3660&amp;xPos=747&amp;yPos=105&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Keith Loveridge sits at a kitchen table, writing in a book.\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Keith Loveridge is concerned by what he considers secrecy surrounding air pollution data at Southern Cross Station.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2007, he asked the private company overseeing management of the station for air-quality data \u2014 but he hit a brick wall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A representative from Southern Cross Ptd Ltd, a subsidiary of Civic Nexus, told him the station met government project requirements and compliance and it would not enter any further discussion with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outraged, he wrote back again to the station&#8217;s management insisting on access to the data from the previous 12 months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;What are you hiding?&#8221; he asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;As a P\/T user, and as I spend a fair chunk of my time at Southern Cross station, I want to see just what you guys are exposing me and the people who work there to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Smells like a cover up when you won&#8217;t send me the air quality test results\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/7d1e016c1e5f679bd4c6d77033d3ad1b?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=3333&amp;cropW=5000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Close up image of hands typing on a keyboard\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Despite writing to the station&#8217;s management, Keith Loveridge did not succeed in getting the air quality data.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He received this response from the then-CEO Phillip Walker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;You seem to be under some impression that we are compelled to provide information to you \u2013 that is not the case, we are a privately run organisation and as such we correspond with you out of courtesy not necessity,&#8221; Mr Walker wrote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He went on to explain the station did not release its air monitoring data publicly because &#8220;testing methodology and the data is complex and we have no intention of engaging in a debate on the technical merits of the testing program&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/e2d189e17bcff833aaafe2f10ba7e72a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=3333&amp;cropW=5000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=1&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"The back of a man as he sits at a desk while using his computer\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Keith Loveridge is not the only one to have sought data about the station&#8217;s air quality.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Civic Nexus spokesperson told the ABC they had no comment to make on statements made more than 16 years ago.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the years, different organisations, including the Victorian Greens, have tried to access the same figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last year, the ABC applied under freedom-of-information laws for air-quality data at the station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After a nine-month freedom-of-information battle \u2014 including an appeal to the Victorian Information Commissioner \u2014 the Victorian Department of Transport and Planning released more than 500 pages of air pollution reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/57aa4ce2ee409755a2c1c55fc620ca89?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A photo of a white steam rising above a train\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Staff have voiced concerns about air quality at Southern Cross Station.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What those reports reveal has concerned two of the country&#8217;s leading respiratory experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They say the air pollution in parts of the station is so high that it puts human health at risk, and likely contains some of the &#8220;least clean air&#8221; in Melbourne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They&#8217;ve also raised concerns the reports likely aren&#8217;t presenting the full picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much of the data released&nbsp;was presented in images of graphs \u2014 with limited raw data available \u2014 making it difficult to sort through and understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several of those graphs contained chunky lines, making it hard to decipher exactly what values were represented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/4d9bef5971e24ae6177f94a03aee60ab?src\" alt=\"A chart showing a line hovering around the 1 y-value for a three month period.\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Many of the graphs feature thick lines and a skewed y-axis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In order to more clearly display the information, the ABC used&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/apps.automeris.io\/wpd\/\">an online tool<\/a>&nbsp;to extract numerical data by analysing images like the one shown above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is what the data reveals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Respiratory physician says data raises health concerns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lou Irving is one of Victoria&#8217;s leading respiratory doctors \u2014 head of the Lung Tumour Stream at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and a physician at the Royal Melbourne Hospital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/e9393905158c9811fb23765c9c6a0f3d?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1122&amp;cropW=1683&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=5&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A man looking at the camera with a hospital behind him\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Respiratory doctor Lou Irving says the concentrations of NO2 reported appear to be higher than is medically acceptable.<em>(ABC News: Jessica Longbottom)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When Professor Irving read through the Southern Cross air monitoring data, he immediately noticed how high the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were in the bus terminal area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;The levels of NO2 appear to be higher than medically we would see as acceptable,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/6c62ed71bd0517be19bbf9ecf5ad54e8?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1382&amp;cropW=2072&amp;xPos=6&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A map of Southern Cross Station showing the three areas where air quality is measured\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Southern Cross Station&#8217;s air quality is measured at the Bourke Street Bridge, the Collins Street Concourse and the bus terminal.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He pointed to Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria&#8217;s guidelines for NO2 levels in outdoor areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As shown below, the guidelines range from &#8220;good&#8221; to &#8220;extremely poor&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"EPA Victoria NO2 air quality thresholds\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/0Qtfc\/1\/?dark=false#?secret=JVZM57yxpY\" data-secret=\"JVZM57yxpY\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"377\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For much of the past 12 years, levels in the bus station have been above 1,200 parts per billion when averaged over 24 hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That means some hourly readings would be much higher \u2013 and on most days air quality in the bus station was more than three times the EPA&#8217;s &#8220;extremely poor&#8221; threshold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"NO2 concentration at the bus terminal has remained &#039;extremely poor&#039;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/z1nwy\/18\/?dark=false#?secret=kRWbX6PsID\" data-secret=\"kRWbX6PsID\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"491\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Near the train platforms, the data shows air quality is better, but still largely above the EPA limits for outdoor areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Areas near the station platforms recorded &#039;very poor&#039; air quality \u2014 but it got better in 2022\u00a0\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/THjM1\/19\/?dark=false#?secret=W2OPHL4KEw\" data-secret=\"W2OPHL4KEw\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"493\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are good reasons why authorities set guidelines for the concentration of NO2 in outdoor areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professor Irving said the gas \u2014 which is produced when fossil fuels such as diesel are burnt \u2014 could make its way into the lungs and blood, causing inflammation throughout the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He said exposure to the gas and other diesel pollution could trigger asthma, as well as heart attacks and strokes, for people in susceptible health groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Susceptible people would be the elderly, the very young, people with chronic lung diseases including asthma,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For pregnant women, it can mean increased risk of delivering premature and low birth weight babies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/8f6da0549aaf5dc757bde82a978437b6?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A few dozen people walking on a train platform\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The regional trains and coaches that arrive at Southern Cross Station are diesel-fuelled.&nbsp;<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professor Irving said even short exposure periods could lead to negative health effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;I think if you&#8217;re a commuter and walk into an area that&#8217;s got high levels of traffic pollution, and if you&#8217;re susceptible, such as being an asthmatic or having chronic bronchitis, there&#8217;s a risk that your underlying lung condition \u2026 can be worsened,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/a5fd24d27fdc1d64f33ee944def0dc2b?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=5461&amp;cropW=8192&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=1&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Parked buses at Southern Cross Station\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nitrogen dioxide is produced when fossil fuels, such as diesel, are burned.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For otherwise healthy people, Professor Irving said long-term exposure to diesel pollution could even cause asthma and lung cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;From the measurements I have seen in this report, I would be concerned that this is one of the least clean air areas in Melbourne,&#8221; Professor Irving said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He was also concerned key data was missing, such as the measurement of small particles known as PM 2.5, which can enter the lungs and bloodstream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do you know more about this story? Email<a href=\"mailto:jessicalongbottom@protonmail.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&nbsp;jessicalongbottom@protonmail.com<\/a>. If you&#8217;re sharing sensitive information,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/confidential-tips\/\">read our tips on how to contact us confidentially<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Worker says many have raised concerns, but &#8216;nothing gets done&#8217;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John, who spoke to the ABC under a different name to protect his identity, has worked at Southern Cross Station for years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;If you are standing near it, you&#8217;ll get a good whiff of it,&#8221; he said of the diesel fumes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John said he often ended up coughing if he had to walk through a plume of smoke from a train, but he tried his best to hold his breath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/b8e15249ee28992ff057ea84dfad4850?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=3333&amp;cropW=5000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=1&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A soot-stained roof on a bus stop\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Southern Cross is a major hub for train and bus services across Victoria.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He said he was aware of half a dozen times staff had raised concerns with management about the pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;No matter how many times it is brought up, nothing gets done,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/503477be2c9355a0237474d8b142df17?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Light fitting at Southern cross covered in black soot\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">John is worried about black soot on the roof of Southern Cross Station.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He said trains sometimes idled for up to four hours at the station, and&nbsp;pregnant women had worked in the bus terminal and on the platforms where diesel pollution was most obvious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He said he was also aware of one colleague who had left the job citing respiratory issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A health and safety log from workers for three years up until 2010 shows staff at that time were routinely reporting sore throats and eyes, nausea and some vomiting while working in noticeable diesel fumes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They reported having to leave the ticket barriers and take breaks because of the emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\/Line said the safety of its staff and passengers was its &#8220;number one priority&#8221; and that it was working to improve air quality at the station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;V\/Line also implements rotation of station staff operating working on platforms at Southern Cross Station and staff are encouraged to report any event of trains or coaches producing excessive smoke, and to remove themselves from the area,&#8221; a spokesperson said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">More data should be released for public good, expert says<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Associate professor Robyn Schofield, who is Associate Dean of Environment and Sustainability at the University of Melbourne and one of the country&#8217;s leading air quality researchers, said the NO2 levels in the station&#8217;s bus bay and the station more widely were concerning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;It&#8217;s much higher than you&#8217;d want it to be \u2026 if you&#8217;re exposed to that for a really long time, it&#8217;s far too high and it&#8217;s a really big risk,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/9fcaba66bd32df00ee3ab42f81a0c287?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Two workers - one wearing a vline jacket - walking on a train platform beside a train\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Some Southern Cross Station workers in the late 2000s reported health problems related to diesel fumes.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr Schofield said the levels of two other pollutants measured at the station \u2014 dust and carbon monoxide \u2014 were harder to scrutinise due to the way the data was presented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Unfortunately it&#8217;s really difficult to know because we don&#8217;t have the raw data,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She said it was disappointing the air pollution data had taken so long to come to light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/b193743c149c60e819b2e89d61fc3194?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=2000&amp;cropW=3000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A woman softly smiling at the camera while standing in Southern Cross Station\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Associate Professor Robyn Schofield is a leading air quality researcher.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;No-one likes pollution data,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;But hiding it from the public when it&#8217;s a public place, when the monitoring is happening, and it&#8217;s happening to a high quality because of the consultants being used \u2026 why not make it public?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;It&#8217;s a public good, and people then can be making informed decisions about how they travel through that space.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike the government and Southern Cross Station&#8217;s operator, other government agencies do publish air-quality data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, EPA Victoria publishes&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.vic.gov.au\/for-community\/airwatch\">air-quality data regularly on its website<\/a>, allowing Victorians to check results from several monitors across the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">National air quality standards don&#8217;t appear to be based on best evidence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the pollution data has often been exceeding limits set by the EPA for outdoor areas, both Civic Nexus and the government have long insisted it has been meeting all requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Air quality sampling undertaken by V\/Line at Southern Cross Station has repeatedly shown levels are within acceptable limits,&#8221; a V\/Line spokesperson told the ABC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some ways, that&#8217;s true \u2014 which only highlights the significant variation that exists between some of Australia&#8217;s air-quality guidelines and standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/a59ad26e050b1d5138a3cf341f5108e0?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Southern Cross train platform where you can see about three platforms and four trains\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Experts have called for more air quality data to be made public to help commuters make informed decisions.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The station has been using Workplace Exposure Standards for NO2 set by the national body Safe Work Australia, which are regulated by WorkSafe Victoria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are the only standards they need to comply with under law and are very different to the EPA outdoor limits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those workplace standards for NO2 are 3,000 parts per billion averaged over eight hours and haven&#8217;t changed in more than 30 years, despite scientists&#8217; understanding of the effects of air pollution developing a great deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, the World Health Organization has been tightening its recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It now sets a recommended NO2 threshold of 13 parts per billion averaged over 24 hours, to protect human health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Australian outdoor standards set by the federal government are 80 parts per billion averaged over one hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means the station has been measuring itself against an air quality standard that allows for a much higher level of pollution than what other guidelines would say is safe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Australia&#039;s workplace NO2 standards compared with other national and international guidelines\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/uLVV9\/3\/?dark=false#?secret=ZS8va27HSh\" data-secret=\"ZS8va27HSh\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"285\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The time frames of the standards are all different \u2014 depending on the body that set them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It means only the WHO guidelines are directly comparable to the Southern Cross data \u2014 as they are both averaged over 24 hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For most of the data period, the bus station in Southern Cross Station has been more than 90 times the WHO guideline, sometimes more than 170 times higher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Near the platforms, for most of the period it&#8217;s been more than 25 times higher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/1efedfaa070bdb2ee0ee04ec2d165d6a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=3333&amp;cropW=5000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Photo of a man cleaning a window at Southern Cross Station\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Both short and long exposure to NO2 particles can have negative health effects.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professor Irving said he struggled to comprehend the Safe Work Australia limit of 3,000 parts per billion, and it didn&#8217;t appear to be &#8220;health related&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr Schofield said the Australian workplace standard was very lax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She pointed out that in 2020 Safe Work Australia proposed to lower NO2 standards to 200 parts per billion over eight hours \u2014 one-fifteenth of what it is now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;The best guideline that we have around at the moment for nitrogen dioxide, even in indoor environments, is the WHO guideline,&#8221; Dr Schofield said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/ff2629c24d53bad2d8466eb2fced0d38?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=2000&amp;cropW=3000&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Close up photo of Robyn Schofield looking concerned\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Robyn Schofield is calling for better national air quality standards.&nbsp;<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If Safe Work Australia did lower its NO2 standard to 200 parts per billion, the bus station in Southern Cross station would fail to meet legislated standards, and Civic Nexus and the government could be fined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Safe Work Australia told the ABC that it had recommended the lower limit to protect for adverse health effects and it was still consulting stakeholders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recent improvements in air quality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the data confirms years of very poor air quality at parts of the train station, it also suggests improvements have been made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FOI documents showed the NO2 levels in Southern Cross improved markedly when the station upgraded its Building Management System in 2022. Dr Schofield said the systems usually controlled ventilation and air flow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-datawrapper wp-block-embed-datawrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"NO2 concentration at the station&#039;s bus terminal improved in 2022\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/qOjSQ\/14\/?dark=false#?secret=feEVDyvsQs\" data-secret=\"feEVDyvsQs\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"498\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professor Irving said there were more changes that could be made at the station to improve air quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He said changing buses to electric power would help enormously, while in the meantime ventilation could be further improved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skybus said it had a policy to turn buses off after five minutes and to transform its fleet to zero emissions by 2035.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Where we have not yet been in a position to convert the fleet to battery electric buses we monitor performance such as idle times to avoid unnecessary pollution and fossil fuel consumption,&#8221; said Michael Sewards, co-CEO of Kinetic, which owns SkyBus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/389ee5c04c50d60412a0344c4ebb54d2?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=1&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"A person wearing a trenchcoat is stepping of an idling skybus\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The ABC observed Skybuses idling for long periods of time between trips.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\/Line said it was modernising its fleet to reduce emissions and was working to reduce idling times where possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;We have proactively undertaken a range of measures to improve air quality at the station, including reducing train and coach idling times, upgrading train engines in our classic fleet to reduce emissions, closely monitoring air quality and we are regularly rolling out more modern VLocity trains,&#8221; a V\/Line spokesperson said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Civic Nexus, the private operator of Southern Cross Station, said it had formed a working group with stakeholders such as the Department and V\/Line to enhance air quality at the station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8216;Through this Working Group we are reviewing the benchmarks and if there are ways our data collection can be further improved,&#8217; said Nick Nick Easy, CEO of Infranexus Management, speaking on behalf of Civic Nexus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/e9b70d4d1d1d73a6f331b560d4dd83e6?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"The outside of Southern Cross station from the Spencer St and Bourke St corner\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Improvements have been made to air quality at Southern Cross Station in recent years.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Victorian government spokesperson said the government was working towards zero emissions buses, and had invested in newer diesel V\/Line trains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;We are making a conscious effort to reduce emissions across our transport network \u2013 as we make significant investments in more efficient trains and zero emissions buses, which will be critical to achieving our world leading target of net zero emissions by 2045.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The EPA said it had no current investigations of breaches of the Environmental Protection Act at Southern Cross Station for idling diesel train fumes, and that the Department of Transport was responsible for the management of diesel fumes within the station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A spokesperson for the Department of Transport and Planning said it was working to implement practical solutions to improve the air quality as well as monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au\/9dd641981a4ff7f3f6edc95d9cc0011a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&amp;cropH=1333&amp;cropW=1999&amp;xPos=0&amp;yPos=0&amp;width=862&amp;height=575\" alt=\"Photos of two skybuses idling at Southern Cross station\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Melbourne&#8217;s SkyBuses take passengers to and from the airport.<em>(ABC News: Danielle Bonica)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rail worker John&nbsp;said if the decision makers had to breathe in the air at the station each day like he and his colleagues, he believed things would have changed already.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Why doesn&#8217;t the Victorian government step in and protect staff?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: ABC News<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For years, environmental scientist Keith Loveridge has wondered if the air at one of Melbourne&#8217;s busiest train stations has been putting his health at 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